Explore Knowledge
Philosophy (Darshanas)
The six orthodox schools (Shad Darshanas) of Indian philosophical thought — a sophisticated system of enquiry covering logic, metaphysics, ethics, and the nature of reality.
Nyaya
Founded by: Gautama
Logic · Epistemology · Debate
The school of logic and epistemology. Nyaya provides a rigorous framework for valid reasoning (pramanas), argumentation, and the pursuit of truth through debate.
Vaisheshika
Founded by: Kanada
Atomism · Metaphysics · Categories
Atomistic naturalism — one of the earliest atomic theories in history. Vaisheshika classifies all reality into six (later seven) categories (padarthas).
Samkhya
Founded by: Kapila
Dualism · Consciousness · Evolution
Dualistic enumeration philosophy distinguishing Purusha (consciousness) from Prakriti (matter). It identifies 25 tattvas (principles) that constitute all of reality.
Yoga
Founded by: Patanjali
Practice · Ashtanga · Liberation
The practical discipline of mind-body mastery. Building on Samkhya metaphysics, Yoga provides an eight-limbed (ashtanga) path for spiritual liberation.
Purva Mimamsa
Founded by: Jaimini
Ritual · Dharma · Hermeneutics
The philosophy of ritual hermeneutics, focusing on dharma as revealed through Vedic injunctions. It developed sophisticated tools for textual interpretation.
Vedanta
Founded by: Badarayana
Brahman · Atman · Reality
The culmination of Vedic thought, exploring the nature of Brahman (ultimate reality), Atman (self), and the relationship between them. Major sub-schools include Advaita, Vishishtadvaita, and Dvaita.